Referral experiences of healthcare consumers: results from a cross-sectional study in urban slums in Southeast Nigeria

The inadequate referral system in Nigeria is partly due to the proliferation of informal healthcare providers (IHPs) and constraints within formal providers in urban slums. With limited data on patient referral experiences across these providers, this paper explores referral experiences in urban slums in southeast Nigeria, and highlights the need for innovative solutions to integrate informal healthcare providers into the formal system, improving referrals and enhancing health services in urban slums.

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Obi C, Arize I, Nwokolo C, Okechi B, Ebenso B and Onwujekwe O (2025) Front. Public Health. 13:1561158. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1561158