Co-creation, co-design or co-production? Reflections on the development of urban health systems implementation strategies to improve access and quality of primary healthcare services in Bangladesh, Ghana, Nepal and Nigeria

How can urban health systems better serve growing populations in low- and middle-income countries? Drawing on experiences from Bangladesh, Ghana, Nepal and Nigeria, this paper explores how co-creation, co-design and co-production helped shape practical strategies to improve access to quality primary healthcare.

Read the full article here: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12961-026-01467-4

Elsey, H., Potier, F., Das, M. et al. Co-creation, co-design or co-production? Reflections on the development of urban health systems implementation strategies to improve access and quality of primary healthcare services in Bangladesh, Ghana, Nepal and Nigeria. Health Res Policy Sys 24, 45 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-026-01467-4